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Toshiko Kaneda of Population Reference Bureau (PRB); Sophia Magalona and Lara Nazmi Mohd of Johns Hopkins University; and Lara Adekunle, Halle Gill, Grace Khaner, Maisy Liles, Anna Strunjas, and Isabel Vlahakis, current and former PRB interns from Georgetown University, produced the content of this website. Anneka Van Scoyoc (PRB) created the website and Raquel Wojnar (PRB) provided editorial review.

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About Passages

Older adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health behaviors vary based on an individual’s geographic setting in rural or urban areas, practice of polygamy, and couple and community education levels.

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What are social norms?

Older adolescents’ use of family planning methods, especially for spacing births, depend on a number of factors, which may affect men and women differently. Examples of factors that may be associated with variations in use of family planning for spacing births are:

The following factors have been categorized into the most relevant level of the socio-ecological framework1 for simplicity, although elements of each factor may be relevant to more than one category.

Individual

  •  Religion2
  • Migrant vs resident husbands3
  • Nomadic pastoralist women vs semi-nomadic pastoralist women4

Interpersonal

  • Couple and Community Education5
  • Polygamy6
  • Couple and Community Socio-economic Status7

Community
• Post-conflict Settings8
• Geographic Setting (Urban and Rural)9